23VVanadium50.9415 u
Vanadium (V)
Vanadium is a transition metal with atomic number 23, in period 4 and group 5 of the periodic table. Its atomic mass is 50.9415 u and its electron configuration is [Ar] 3d³ 4s². Solid at 25 °C.
Key facts
| Atomic number | 23 |
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| Atomic mass | 50.9415 u |
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| Category | Transition Metal |
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| Period | 4 |
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| Group | 5 |
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| Block | d |
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| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d³ 4s² |
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| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 11, 2 |
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| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.63 |
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| Oxidation states | −3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5common in bold |
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| State at 25 °C | Solid |
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| Melting point | 2183 K1909.85 °C |
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| Boiling point | 3680 K3406.85 °C |
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| Density | 6 g/cm³ |
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Atomic properties
| First ionization energy | 6.746 eV |
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| Electron affinity | 50.6 kJ/mol |
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| Atomic radius | 134 pm |
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| Covalent radius | 153 pm |
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| Van der Waals radius | 179 pm |
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| Common ions | V³⁺, V⁵⁺ |
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| Protons, neutrons, electrons | 23, 28, 23 |
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Physical and thermal properties
| Molar volume | 8.32 cm³/mol |
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| Heat of fusion | 22.8 kJ/mol |
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| Heat of vaporization | 453 kJ/mol |
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| Specific heat | 489 J/(kg·K) |
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| Thermal conductivity | 31 W/(m·K) |
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| Thermal expansion | 8.4 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ |
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| Mohs hardness | 7 |
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| Young’s modulus | 128 GPa |
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| Crystal structure | Body-centered cubic |
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| Magnetic type | Paramagnetic |
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Identification and history
| CAS number | 7440-62-2 |
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| Latin name | Vanadium |
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| Discovered by | A. M. del Río · 1801 |
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| Named by | Nils Sefström · 1830 |
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Natural isotopes
| Isotope | Mass (u) | Abundance |
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| 50V | 49.947157 | 0.25 % |
| 51V | 50.943958 | 99.75 % |
Data checked against PubChem (NIH), IUPAC, the NIST Atomic Spectra Database and the IAEA (NUBASE and AME), the same data you see in the app.
A dash (---) means there is no reliable published measurement. The app never makes one up.
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Periodic Table